A couple of weeks ago, Prime Minister Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim commented that Malaysia’s national debt has now reached RM1.5 trillion and needs to be addressed urgently as it translates to more than 80 per cent of the nation’s annual economic output or gross domestic product (GDP).
Breaking down the numbers, the PM alluded that Malaysia’s RM1.5-trillion debt has two parts — RM1.2 trillion comprising the country’s total debts itself while the balance is related to off-balance sheet liabilities.
Based on figures in the Fiscal Outlook and Federal Government Revenue Estimates 2023 tabled last October, these liabilities include committed guarantees, which stood at almost RM200 billion, other liabilities which are mostly lease payments for private-public partnership, public finance incentives and PBLT Sdn Bhd (a company owned by the Minister of Finance Incorporated) totalling some RM150 billion, and the remaining principal payments for 1MDB-related debts which stood at about RM26 billion.
While the government has now recognised that we do have a debt problem, the question is what can the government of the day do about it?
As long as we continue to spend more than what we earn, we will remain in deficit and the nation would have no choice but to borrow.
Under the Federal Constitution, the government is only allowed to borrow for development purposes and not for operating needs.
Hence over the years, as we continued to spend for development expenditures, our debt level has only been heading north as our revenue-generating ability has been restricted by a narrow tax base and an over-reliance on Petroliam Nasional Bhd dividends.
A look back into the history of Malaysia’s debt management shows that we had in the past shifted the goal post to enable us to borrow more.
Under the Treasury Bills (Local) Act of 1946, the Malaysian Treasury Bills were initially capped at just RM20 million and the ceiling was revised in 1992 to RM10 billion.
Under the Loan (Local) Act of 1959, which had a cap of RM300 million before, it was revised to RM120 billion in the year 2000.
The nominal value capped ceiling was kept until March 2003 and thereafter Malaysia introduced a new cap in the form of a percentage of GDP at 40 per cent. This allowed the government to continue to borrow in line with the growth of the economy.
Another two legislations that define government’s borrowing are the Government Funding Act of 1983, which allowed the government to introduce syariah-based government securities and the External Loans Act of 1963, which allowed the government to seek foreign loans.
Both of these acts were revised in 2006 and 2009, which enabled the government to increase the ceiling from RM1 billion and RM300 million to RM30 billion and RM35 billion, respectively.
As Malaysia has been running budget deficits since 1998, the 40 per cent debt-to-GDP ratio was also revised higher to 45 per cent in June 2008 and a year later to 55 per cent due to the Asian Financial Crisis.
As Malaysia was not spared from the effect of COVID-19, the government had no choice but to step in to assist businesses via direct cash assistance as well as economic stimulus measures, the debt ceiling was raised to 60 per cent in November 2021 and to 65 per cent now.
Based on the end-September 2022 update, Malaysia’s current statutory debt to GDP stands at 60 per cent of GDP while the federal government debt to GDP as of the same date was at 62.8 per cent.
Of course, this was on the base assumption that the nominal GDP will end the year at RM1,712.3 billion (first nine months at RM1,320.9 billion) and there would not be further borrowings in the fourth quarter of last year.
However, this is highly unlikely as the government would have spent what was allocated for Budget 2022 as there was still some RM39 billion that was not spent up to the first nine months of 2022 against the budgetary numbers.
This comprises RM25.6 billion in net development expenditure and RM13.8 billion from the COVID-19 fund as seen from the table based on the actual up to September 2022 and the budgeted figure for the whole year.
The Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA) and the planned Medium-Term Revenue Strategy (MTRS), which the government is expected to table this year, are seen as key instruments for reforms when it comes to managing the nation’s finances.
The issue here is whether we want to be strict in absolute numbers in terms of our debt ceiling or relative measurement of the nation’s debt-to-GDP ratio as there are repercussions for both.
A debt ceiling will put in place a rigid upper ceiling in terms of how much debt we can assume, be it RM1.2 trillion in statutory debt ceiling or any other figure, which will restrict any future borrowings unless approved by Parliament.
As we have seen in the case of the United States, the world’s largest economy has an absolute debt ceiling and it has also become meaningless as Congress has no choice but to keep raising the debt ceiling level every time it is breached.
Failure to do so will result in a government shutdown as it will be unable to pay its dues, especially salaries to civil servants and other obligations.
Another option is to have a definite debt-to-GDP ratio which will allow the government of the day to continue to borrow in the future as the denominator, which is the GDP, is expected to continue to expand.
Even assuming a 6 per cent nominal GDP growth, which translates to about RM103 billion GDP growth in absolute amount, suggests that Malaysia can afford to borrow at least RM66 billion every year without breaching a debt-to-GDP ceiling of 65 per cent.
The ability to borrow will increase in proportionate to the growth in GDP but capped at 65 per cent of nominal GDP growth.
Both the absolute debt ceiling and the debt-to-GDP can be subject to abuse by any government of the day as it can always request for the ceiling or ratio to be raised.
However, to instil discipline in the government, we must introduce a law that will restrict any government from raising this ceiling as it is detrimental not only to all Malaysians but adds further burden to the future generation.
Malaysia should choose a hybrid model in terms of the debt ceiling and debt-to-GDP ratio that will incorporate the best of both models.
For example, Malaysia can choose to have an absolute debt ceiling but subject to it not exceeding 65 per cent of nominal GDP.
If Malaysia intends to achieve a balanced budget within the next five years, the likely debt ceiling, based on the assumption that we would not spend more than 65 per cent of the absolute nominal GDP growth, and assuming the nominal GDP expands by 6 per cent per annum, perhaps an RM1.6-trillion federal government debt ceiling should be introduced.
Thereafter, Malaysia must work towards achieving a balanced budget by 2028, based on nominal GDP of RM2.46 trillion in five years.
As for off-balance sheet liabilities, those will remain for now and the best way to address them is not to allow any future borrowings that are opaque and off the radar of our lawmakers.
Hence, all borrowings must be approved by Parliament as only then can we limit future off-balance-sheet borrowings.
The MTRS plan should redefine how taxes are imposed on individuals and businesses as Malaysia is simply not collecting enough tax revenue at just over 11.3 per cent of GDP for this year based on the original Budget 2023 that was presented last October.
Hence, the government must introduce a new plan to raise taxes to enable Malaysia to achieve a balanced budget by 2028.
One way is to plan in terms of new taxes, removal of tax breaks in the form of reliefs, and higher tax rates that will lift the government’s tax revenue to GDP by at least one to two percentage points a year.
Hence by 2028, tax revenue to GDP has the potential to reach at least 20 per cent, which will then translate to a revenue of approximately RM492 billion.
A five-year plan to achieve a balanced budget is not impossible but what is more important is for the government to table a comprehensive plan to raise the government’s coffers, as debt reduction could only come if we can have a surplus budget. Over to you Datuk Seri!
