By Kurniawati Kamarudin
Malaysia’s low water tariff structure is causing consumers to use water wastefully. The nation’s potable water supply should not be taken for granted in view of challenges facing the water services industry. This is the second of two articles on this issue.
KUALA LUMPUR: If you have been perceiving the water that runs from your tap as a cheap and plentiful natural resource, you must think again.
Consumers’ wasteful ways, coupled with the myriad of challenges water operators face from source to tap, can lead to a water crisis resulting in disruptions in water supply in various states, warned Malaysian Water Engineers Action Committee (MyWAC) chairman Ishak Hasnan.
“The challenges and risks faced by water operators are a matter of grave concern, especially those related to catchment areas, climate change, river pollution, treatment plants and distribution of clean water to consumers.
“If these issues are not addressed properly and consumers don’t change their attitude towards water, it’s not impossible for a water crisis to occur,” he told Bernama in an interview recently.
Also present during the interview were MyWAC executive council members Muhammad Miftahuddin Mat Hayin, Tengku Iskandar Tengku Ismail and Hizaruddin Razak.
MyWAC is a national working committee comprising 28 engineers representing the water operators in the various states. The committee, under the purview of the Water Supply Division in the Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources, was set up to discuss water issues at the grassroots level and bring them to the attention of the ministry.
Change Perception
Urging consumers to install a water-saving device in their homes to reduce their usage of water, Ishak — who is an engineer at Perak Water Board — said the general perception that water is cheap and plentiful must be erased because the effects of climate change are becoming more noticeable now.
The erratic hot spells and rainfall, for instance, have caused water shortages in the upstream portions of water catchment areas and dams, he said.
Although the volume of rainfall and distribution have remained the same, the location of the rainfall has shifted downstream, namely coastal areas. This has led to extended droughts in upstream areas where cloud seeding activities have to be carried out to ensure rainfall over the water catchment areas.
“The shortage of water in water catchment areas during dry weather will have an adverse effect on water supply for distribution to consumers.
“And, when the water shortage becomes critical, it will force the shutdown of treatment plants,” said Ishak.
Uncontrolled Development
He also said that uncontrolled development in catchment areas is causing the soil there to lose its ability to retain rainwater which, instead, is flowing directly into the river along with twigs, leaves, silt and sand, causing the water to become murky.
“The floating twigs and leaves often clog the pumps (at the water intake station where raw water is channelled to the treatment plant) and cleaning them involve high costs.
“Apart from that, our rivers are facing pollution issues as a result of which treatment plants have to be shut down (from time to time to treat the polluted water),” he added.
According to Ishak, most water treatment plants only have the capacity to treat turbidity levels of less than 1,000 NTUs (nephelometric turbidity units) and ammonia levels of less than 1.5 ppm (parts per million).
The plants have to be shut down if the water pollution level exceeds their capacity, he said, adding that they are also not designed to treat water polluted by chemical and oil spills.
To detect the presence of pollutants in the river water, Pengurusan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd — which is responsible for the treatment and distribution of water services to consumers in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya — has installed sensors at every five kilometres of the river before it reaches the water intake area of the treatment plant.
The sensors will issue a warning (siren) in case of a chemical spill so that remedial action can be taken quickly before the water flows into the treatment plant, explained Ishak who added that the cost of installing the sensors are borne by the water company.
On the high cost of treating water, Ishak said chemicals approved by the Health Ministry and World Health Organisation, such as aluminium sulphate and chlorine, are used to treat raw water. And, to treat water with higher levels of pollution, other types of chemicals have to be used.
“The chemicals (to treat water) comprise about 20 to 30 per cent of treatment costs. When the chemical prices rise, the treatment cost goes up as well,” he said, adding that electricity costs take up about 50 to 60 per cent of the production costs.
He also said that to overcome problems associated with surface water sources, water operators have to look into other alternatives, including tapping groundwater, to overcome the shortage of water.
According to Ishak, Kelantan is among the states that are using innovative groundwater technologies and its use of groundwater resources has now reached 60 per cent.
“In the past, we depended on our rivers as a source of water as we thought Malaysia has ample rainfall. However, with the rising incidence of pollution, we began to realise that we need to find other alternatives.
“To explore new water resources, studies and research have to be carried out. But water operators can’t afford to undertake such studies due to the high costs involved,” he added.
Water Industry Still Impoverished
Ishak also said that Malaysia’s water industry is lagging behind in terms of profitability because the water companies have to bear a bulk of the cost of treating and delivering potable water to consumers.
“Despite the challenges we face, our treatment plants are on a par with those of advanced countries. The only difference is that the people of those countries are aware of the importance of safeguarding their water resources,” he said.
He also said that there were several technologies that can be explored to enhance the quality of drinking water, including adding minerals and ozone to the water, but it would require a hefty financial outlay.
He said in Japan, for instance, consumers enjoy high-quality water because they are willing to pay higher tariffs.
“Here in Malaysia, our water tariffs are too low, so we can only treat the water according to our ability,” he said, adding that if higher tariffs are charged, water operators can upgrade their treatment plants to ensure better quality of water for consumers.
“We (Malaysian water companies) have the technology and many water experts, but financial constraints are the main obstacle to improving our services.” – Bernama
